ETL is also very limited in terms of cybercrime, dealing mainly with the illegal use of digital certificates. It introduces a sentence of up to one year in prison for any illegal act committed online. However, the law does not distinguish between the many forms of cybercrime, which differ in nature, intent and severity. Under current law, there is no difference between a simple computer penetration of a machine on the Internet, which can be committed by an individual, and an organized denial-of-service attack on large e-commerce portals. Given the nature and diversity of cybercrime, these provisions do not take into account the wide range of real risks associated with e-commerce environments and do not address any type of such crime depending on its nature and impact. Identification systems must be based on trust and accountability between government agencies, individuals, international organizations and the private sector, both within and across borders. One of the cornerstones of this foundation is the laws, codes, regulations and practices that govern and support the identification system, the “legal framework.” (a) a framework gives the statistician a clear mandate to collect, produce and disseminate statistics and provide the author with relevant information, such as additional data sources; Given the multitude of data sources needed to compile statistics on international services, it is particularly important to have a strong and comprehensive legal authority to collect data; (d) increase public confidence in the confidential treatment of reported data, thereby facilitating the collection of accurate information and higher response rates; Statistical confidentiality is a key element in the collection, storage and dissemination of statistics and related microdata. Therefore, the legal framework should contain provisions ensuring the protection of personal data and limiting the use of such data for official statistical purposes; The principles of the GDPR themselves are therefore not so much an obstacle to effective data exchange, but do not hinder or promote it. Instead, it only provides a framework that balances the protection of the individual against the resulting benefits. The Electronic Business Law (LTE) is clearly an important step towards the increased adoption of e-commerce in Jordan, as it provides an appropriate legal framework for such activities.
However, our analysis shows that several issues related to e-business and security are not addressed in this legislation. Due to these limitations, the current legal situation is insufficient to provide a secure e-commerce environment. Most data in government is contained in “silos” and, due to the complex legal framework, authorities have struggled to understand what information they have and how this could help other ministries fight fraud. This chapter discusses the role of digital forensics examiners at these stages of eDiscovery, particularly in large cases involving disputes between organizations. It addresses the legal framework for eDiscovery, as well as unique medico-legal issues related to case management, ESI identification and collection, and triage and data generation. This chapter also describes common pitfalls in the complex and high-risk field of eDiscovery, with the goal of helping both novice and experienced forensic investigators safely navigate this potential minefield. Electronic discovery or “e-discovery” is the exchange of data between parties in civil or criminal proceedings. The process is largely controlled by lawyers who determine what data should be produced based on its relevance or retained based on their claims of privilege. Court examiners play a crucial role as technical advisors, practical collectors and analysts.
The field of eDiscovery is complex, and the technical and logistical challenges that arise regularly in large eDiscovery projects can challenge even the most experienced digital forensics auditor. With much at stake in most eDiscovery projects, there is little room for error at every stage of the process – from the initial identification and preservation of evidence sources to the final production and presentation of results – and to be successful, an auditor must understand and familiarize themselves with their role at each stage. The size and scope of eDiscovery projects require effective case management, and the creation of a strategic plan from the outset and the careful implementation of constructive and documented quality assurance measures at every stage of the process are critical to effective case management. A legal framework capable of successfully prosecuting individuals or organizations that caused water pollution. Laws are generally based on the establishment of “end of pipe” conditions, and these are set in terms of load transferred rather than concentration. Typically, random load fluctuations are taken into account, so the specification is represented as a percentile (often 90, 95, or 99) rather than an absolute value. Another complexity concerns the legal basis, Article 6.1 (e) of the GDPR for the processing of personal data for fraud purposes. While this may seem like a new requirement of the GDPR, it is similar to the old condition for processing functions of a public nature in Schedule 2 of the Data Protection Act 1998. In order to fall within that requirement, account must be taken of whether an act adopted on the basis of that requirement provides for a public service mission in that context (edps.eurpoa.eu, p. 6). This lack of rules favourable to the security of online transactions hampers the development of a secure e-commerce infrastructure and increases legal uncertainty for both businesses and citizens. In addition, the absence of these regulations makes it impossible to build a basic security infrastructure.
On the contrary, many developed countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States and most states of the European Union have published a number of guidelines and regulations for digital signatures and certificate authorities that support the introduction of online transactions in these parts of the world [22]. Currently, there is no general legal authority for public bodies to share data, and whenever information is shared, public sector organizations must go through the process of creating or finding the right legal “gateway” to enable secure exchange. The Digital Economy Act (DEA) helps remove some of the barriers to data sharing by establishing “clear and robust” legal portals that make it easier for authorities to share relevant information. There is a barrier in the fact that most information gateways under the DEA are permissive.
