Many countries have established government agencies to directly manage the security of critical infrastructure, usually through the Home Ministries and Home Office, special security agencies to protect facilities such as the United States Federal Protection Service, and also special transport police such as the British Transport Police. There are also commercial transportation security units such as Amtrak Police in the United States. Critical infrastructure is crucial to the essential functioning of a country. Accidental or intentional damage can have a serious impact on the economy and basic services. Infrastructure threats include: governments are increasingly organizing their security policies into a National Security Strategy (NSS); [9] In 2017, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States were among the states that did so. [10] [11] [12] [13] Some states also appoint a National Security Council and/or a National Security Advisor, which is an executive government agency that provides the head of state with national security issues and strategic interests. The National Security Council / Advisers` strategies long-term and short-term contingency plans for national security. India currently has such a system, which was established on 19 November 1998. National security approaches can have complex implications for human rights and civil liberties. For example, citizens` rights and freedoms are compromised by the use of militarized military and police personnel to control public conduct; the use of surveillance, including mass surveillance in cyberspace, which has privacy implications; recruitment and conscription practices; and the impact of war on civilians and civilian infrastructure.
This has led, especially in liberal democracies, to a dialectical struggle between governmental power and the rights and freedoms of the general public. Twenty years after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the World Trade Center was rebuilt, Osama bin Laden died by a U.S. Navy Seal team, and on September 1, 2021, the last U.S. soldiers left Afghanistan, ending America`s longest war, while the country remained under Taliban control. Today, Americans continue to face the impact of the administration`s response to the most significant national security crisis since Pearl Harbor. It is illegal for a public official to act as a representative of a foreign principal in a manner that requires registration under the Registration of Foreign Agents Act (FARA). See 18 U.S.C. § 219. This prohibition does not apply to the employment of a foreign agent as a special employee of the United States Government if the head of the Employment Agency certifies that such employment is necessary in the national interest. No prosecution under this article shall be instituted without the express permission of the National Security Division or a higher authority. See JM 9-90.020.
How important this is and how it should be debated. In the United States, for example, the controversial USA Patriot Act of 2001 and Edward Snowden`s revelation in 2013 that the National Security Agency collects personal data from the public have brought these issues to the attention of the general public. Among the questions raised is whether and how national security considerations should lead to the suppression of individual rights and freedoms in time of war, and whether such restrictions are necessary when a State is not at war. In any other law enforcement involving national security, regardless of the specific laws involved, or if there is a reasoned question as to whether a particular matter concerns national security, USAO will consult with CES to discuss how the matter should be handled and whether the above prior approval or consultation requirements should apply. If the USAO coordinates with another component of the main court system, the USAO consults directly with the CES, unless the other component of the primary court system has agreed to facilitate the required consultation. In 2010, the White House incorporated a global worldview into a national security strategy that identified “security” as one of the country`s “four enduring national interests” that were “inexorably linked”:[62] During and after World War II, U.S. leaders expanded the concept of national security, using its terminology for the first time to explain America`s relationship with the world. For most of U.S. history, the physical security of the continental U.S. has not been compromised. But by 1945, that invulnerability had diminished rapidly with the advent of long-range bombers, atomic bombs, and ballistic missiles.
There was a general realization that the future would leave no time for mobilization, that preparation had to become constant. For the first time, U.S. leaders should address the essential national security paradox facing the Roman Empire and the following great powers: Si vis pacem, para bellum – If you want peace, prepare for war. [60] Infrastructure security is security designed to protect infrastructure, in particular critical infrastructure such as airports, highways[18], rail transport, hospitals, bridges, transport platforms, network communications, media, power grid, dams, power plants, seaports, oil refineries and water supply systems. Infrastructure security aims to limit the vulnerability of these structures and systems to sabotage, terrorism and contamination. [19] For most of the 20th century. In the nineteenth century, national security was exclusively a matter of military power and readiness, but with the advent of the nuclear age and the threats of the Cold War, it became clear that the definition of national security in the context of conventional military warfare was a thing of the past. Today, U.S.
government officials are struggling to balance the requirements of several “national titles.” These include economic security, political security, energy security, internal security, cybersecurity, human security and environmental security. National security is the ability of a country`s government to protect its citizens, economy, and other institutions. Beyond the obvious protection against military attack, national security in the 21st century encompasses several non-military missions. Since the war on terror became a multinational effort, attempts have been made to draw a line between national security and global security. Security Studies Professor Samuel Makinda defined security as “the preservation of society`s norms, rules, institutions, and values.” National security has been described as a country`s ability to protect and defend its citizens. Therefore, Makinda`s definition of security appears to fall within the bounds of national security. Global security, on the other hand, includes security requirements such as nature – for example in the form of climate change – and globalization, which are imposed on entire countries and regions. These are requirements that no national security apparatus of a single country can handle alone and which, as such, require multinational cooperation.
The global interconnectedness and interdependence among countries since the end of the cold war requires closer cooperation among countries. Similar to those of previous Americans.
